Can ticket brokers get tickets before they go sale to the public?
No, this isn't true, at least for tickets sold by companies like Ticketmaster. Ticketmaster computers do not allow tickets to be printed for an event prior to the on-sale day and time.
There are a number of ways to get a backstage pass for a concert. The best way to get one is by having a legitimate reason to be backstage -- such as working for the promoter or being a laborer. Being a friend of the band can land you one too but if that was the case you wouldn't be reading this, eh?
Unlike the stereotype, the backstage area isn't a big party. It is actually a place where people are working to make an event happen and fans hanging out can sometimes get in the way. It's typically no more a party than it is behind the counter (i.e. backstage) at McDonalds or Burger King. Imagine if you were standing around and hanging out behind the counter at a fast food restaurant during lunch -- you'd probably be in the way.
How are ticket prices determined? How do you figure out how much an artist gets paid? Who pays for the artist's expenses?
Ticket prices are set jointly by the promoter and artist. The price is based on our best guess of what the market will bear for a particular artist given: time of year; competition with similar shows; how long it's been since the artist has appeared, and; how hot the artist's new single/video/album is. The guarantee to the artist becomes a function of the anticipated gross receipts after deducting the estimated expenses ("the net"). The big headline artists make 85% - 90% of the net and their guarantee will be based on what that 85% - 90% would equate to if 80% - 85% of the house were sold. Promoters in America typically pay all the expenses associated with presentation of the show. Artists typically pay for their sound, lights, travel, hotels, trucks, buses, crew, manager, agent and musicians.